The meanings of runes are often shrouded in mystery, but they also offer a fascinating connection to the Viking age and a direct insight into the values and character of the Viking people.
Runes are the letters of the runic alphabet, a system of writing that was initially developed and used by Germanic people in the 1
Century AD. The alphabet is known as the futhark, after the first six letters of the runic alphabet – f, u, þ, a, r, k.
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1228 years ago, on June 8 793, Vikings attacked a monastic settlement on the island of Lindisfarne. This raid had such an impact across Europe that despite there being no archaeological evidence for it, only literary sources, it is still remembered today. In this episode, Cat speaks to Dr David Petts from Durham University. They discuss why the Vikings chose to raid Lindisfarne, the community that they would have found there, and how the attack impacted upon Northumbrian Christendom and the wider world.
There are three main forms of futhark; Elder Futhark has 24 characters and was predominantly used between 100 and 800 AD, Younger Futhark, used between the 8
Norse culture was predominantly oral rather than written, which is why the sagas were generally passed down orally (Old Norse was the spoken language of the Vikings) before finally being written down by scribes in the 13
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Century. Which isn’t to say that the Vikings were all illiterate; in fact the runic alphabet is thought to have been widely understood but mostly used for memorial purposes, which is why thousands of runestones can be found throughout the Scandinavian countryside.
centuries, runestones are stones, sometimes boulders or bedrock, covered in runic inscriptions. Typically, they are memorials to departed men, as this quote from the The Ynglinga saga suggests:
For men of consequence a mound should be raised to their memory, and for all other warriors who had been distinguished for manhood a standing stone, a custom that remained long after Odin’s time.
Runes And The Runic Alphabet
The most famous runestone is probably the Kjula Runestone in Södermanland, Sweden, which is inscribed with an Old Norse poem in the alliterative poetic meter known as fornyrðislag. The poem tells of a man called Spear, who was known for his extensive warfare:
Alríkr, Sigríðr’s son, raised the stone in memory of his father Spjót, who had been in the west, broken down and fought in townships. He knew all the journey’s fortresses.
The Kjula Runestone is a good example of the Viking runestone as a celebration of classic Viking values like honour, valour and heroism. Spear (SpjótWhen you think of the word rune it may bring up images of magic scrolls, Tolkein, and elven warriors. However, runes are not just the stuff of fantasy stories. They date back thousands of years – found in large numbers on ancient rock carvings in Scandinavia and around the world.
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It’s a common misconception that runes are just letters – an alphabet from another language. While it’s true that Futhark is an old Germanic alphabet, it’s so much more than that.
The meaning of rune is “secret” or “mysterium”; each symbol has a deeper meaning above and beyond the sound it makes in language. A meaning that was traditionally held as a secret holy concept, “a formless and timeless idea”.
Keep reading to learn the origin of the runes, what each rune means, and how to use them as a divination tool or in rituals.
Divination With The Runes
Runes are ancient alphabets. The word rune comes from an Old Norse term meaning a secret letter that was used for casting spells. Writing itself was often seen as magic by other peoples who had no writing systems of their own.
The Elder Futhark runes are a set of 24 symbols that were used for writing in Scandinavia and other parts of Northern Europe from about 200-800 AD. The word “Futhark” is derived from the first six letters, which are called “Fehu, ” “Uruz, ” “Thurisaz, ” “Ansuz, ” “Raidho” and “Kennaz.”
The Elder Futhark (or sometimes just “Futhorc”) is the oldest form of runic alphabet. This writing system is believed to have originated from the Old Italic scripts: a variation of the North Italic (Etruscan or Raetic alphabets), or the Latin Alphabet itself.
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These ancient Norse runes have been found as far away as Iran, Turkey, England, and India. The first recorded use was found at a Viking settlement near Tängelgårda, Sweden. This runestone dates to around 400 AD but there are no written records that can tell us exactly when it was created.
It is said that Odin received the mystery of the runes after hanging from Yggdrasil, the world tree, for nine days and nine nights. After sacrificing of himself, he was able to extract the wisdom of the runes. He then shared this gift with the rune vitki – sorcerers and magicians who used the power of the runes for divination and spellcasting.
The most famous of these is the story in which Odin and Loki use runes to create a magical spear that will never miss its target.
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The Norse myths also tell us about how each rune has an associated deity, animal or other entity with whom it’s connected . For example: Fehu represents cattle; Uruz symbolizes strength; Thurisaz is associated with the giants and so on.
Unlike modern alphabets, runes have meanings and are tied to universal forces that change and evolve with time, making them just as relevant today as they were thousands of years ago. Rune meanings are very subjective and are often interpreted in different ways, depending on the working and past experiences of the reader.
The 24 runes are organized into three sets of eight runes called aettir (singular aett), meaning families. The first runes of each of the three aettir are Fehu, Hagalaz, and Tiwaz, also called the Mother Runes.
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Fehu symbolizes cattle – the foremost source of wealth for the Norse. It represents abundance, the fulfilment of your ambitions, and prosperity in all facets of life.
Fehu’s raw expansive energy attracts abundance into your life. Try wearing a fehu rune pendant to fulfil your ambitions, and amass prosperity and luck. Focus its energies where you wish to achieve the most success in your life.
Uruz is the mother of manifestation – a shaping power that defines the origin and destiny of all things. It represents both mental and physical health.
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Thurisaz lets you harness the lightning and thunder of Thor’s hammer. Wear this rune to break down emotional barriers that are holding you back and make room for new beginnings.
Ansuz is linked to Odin and the ancestral gods. It represents two of the gifts given to primal man by the gods: önd (breath), and ódhr (mental activity).
It is the rune of communication and the spoken word. A reminder to take a deep breath before speaking and to listen as much as we talk.
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Raidho is a journey and the power that keeps us moving forward towards our chosen destination. According to Thorsson, Raidho is the “channeling of force according to natural laws along the right road leading to the right result.”
Raidho is the conscious decision to achieve something, and the discipline to carry it out. The rhythm found when your forward movement is in harmony with your purpose.
Kenaz is the torch: a fire lighting the way in the darkness. It is this same controlled fire used by the artisan to create, the cook to provide food, or that we gather around for warmth. This can also represent a metaphorical torch: a passion burning within, an inner light.
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Kenaz is the fire of creation and transformation. It is a guiding light to expel outside influences and keep your inner passion aflame.
Gebo represents a gift or an exchange. It is “the giver, the giving, the given, and that which is given to.” (Thorrson).
Giving is an energy that joins people together. Just as fire kindles fire, the act of giving breeds gratitude, which in turn creates more giving.
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Wunjo represents joy and harmonious action. When all aspects of our being are working together and in alignment with our goals, we will grow and prosper.
It’s easy to get frustrated at a delay or lack of progress, but you’re better off using this time for rest and contemplation rather than to try to rush headlong through the storm.
Isa can be both external and internal – representing our own resistance to change: our ingrained patterns and old habits running deep within.
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Jera represents the cycle of the year, or more specifically, the turning over of a new cycle. The end of the longest night and the slow returning of the light.
A more gentle change than Dagaz (which represents the daily cycle), Jera signals a reward for past actions. It is time to reap what we have sown.
Eihwaz represents the yew – a tree of life and death. Yet this death is not final, it is a transition. A gateway through which we must pass to birth something new.
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As with any new life, it requires sacrifice. The leaving behind of something old to make space for what is to come.
Perthro represents fate – but not in the modern sense of predetermination. The
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